Aircrack-ng -w firstlist.txt,secondlist.txt,thirdlist.txt wpa2.eapol.cap Aircrack-ng comes with a small dictionary called password.lst. The password.lst file is located in the “test” directory of the source files. Browse for Dictionary file path, Above figure, now I have imported.txt file which contains possible word lists to crack the Access points. Cracking Access Point: Now you are ready to exploit your neighbor’s wifi, It will take several minutes to hours for successful handshake capture. Fern-wifi-Cracker will do whatever you want, sit and relax. 1 aircrack-ng -w pathtodictionary -e ESSID handshake.cap. Although the command is simple, we explain that:-w pathtodictionary is a word list in format one password candidate per line.-e ESSID is the name of the access point (wireless network). If there is information about several access points in the capture file (and usually it happens if.
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Welcome back Duthcode hackers to yet another writeup about the art of hacking, i think i have made it very clear by now that penetration testing is my passion and i always find the time to prepare cool articles and tutorials full of useful information for all of you who share the same passion with me!
In this article i am going to be talking about WPA2 and WPA cracking. I know the title says only WPA2 but cracking WPA is indistinguishable from WPA2 cracking!
As i have said in previous hacking articles that i've written i don't like just copy pasting steps for hacking shit, it doesn't please me. It doesn't fill the dark void inside my heart.. i'm kidding! Or am i? :')
This article will be divided in 3 sections:
This article will be divided in 3 sections:
- 1 | How Wireless Networks Work
- 2 | The theory before the cracking (Huge Nerd Alert!)
- 3 | Cracking WPA2 with aircrack-ng
You can always skip to the section of your choosing.
1 | How Wireless Networks Work
First of all, it would be wise to start with a definition:
A wireless network or Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) serves the same purpose as a wired one — to link a group of computers.
Wireless networks operate using radio frequency technology, a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space.
In the same way that all you need to pick up a local radio station is a radio, all anyone needs to detect a wireless network within nearby range it a wireless equipped computer. There is no way to selectively hide the presence of your network from strangers, but you can prevent unauthorized people from connecting to it, and you can protect the data traveling across the network from prying eyes. By turning on a wireless network's encryption feature, you can scramble the data and control access to the network.
Why you need encrypted network connection
Encryption enhances the security of a message or file by scrambling the content. To encrypt a message, you need the right key, and you need the right key to decrypt it as well. It is the most effective way to hide communication via encoded information where the sender and the recipient hold the key to decipher the data.
When i was 10 years old me and my best friends came up with a 'new way' of talking to each other, and when we where talking like that to each other in front of others they were unable to understand what we where saying. This is a simple type of Encryption.
Encryption is like sending secret messages between parties, if someone tries to pry without the proper keys, they wont be able to understand the message. So you understand that the stronger the key, the more difficult for the 'uninvited listener' to decrypt the messages.
If you are ever being watched, inadvertently or not, you can hide your data by using implemented crypto systems. According to cryptographer and security and privacy specialist Bruce Schneier, “Encryption works best if it is ubiquitous and automatic. It should be enabled for everything by default, not a feature you only turn on when you’re doing something you consider worth protecting.”
Wireless network hardware supports several standard encryption schemes, but the most common are Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2).
WEP is the oldest and can be hacked VERY EASILY. WPA and WPA2 are good choices, but provide better protection when you use longer and more complex passwords.
All the 3 protocols have their own encryption methods, but of course one's encryption is always better than the previous one's.
All the 3 protocols have their own encryption methods, but of course one's encryption is always better than the previous one's.
- WEP | Uses RC4 algorithm for encrypting data packets
- WPA | Uses TKIP encryption, based on WEP
- WPA2 | Uses AES, most secured and unbroken at this point
I am only going to demonstrate WPA2 cracking in this writeup's tutorial section for 2 reasons:
- WPA cracking the the same exact methodology
- WEPencryption is so broken in 2019 that no AP in the world uses it as a default anymore.
- That is a lie actually.. hehe.. i bought a GoPro look alike a week ago and it had WEP preinstalled.
How is WPA2 different from WPA?
Enough with the general knowledge, it's high time we got a bit mire specific, but first an answer to the question.
- Hardware changed are mandatory for running WPA2
- WPA2 uses AES for packet encryption, whereas WPA uses TKIP encryption
- AES is one of the most secure symmetric encryption algorithms. How secure you ask.. Let's just say that the US Government uses the same encryption for handling information.
- Released as the new standard for Wireless devices and from march 2006 WPA2 certification is mandatory for all new devices to bear the Wi-Fi trademark.
2 | The theory before the cracking
WPA2-PSK, Wi-Fi Protected Access-Pre-Shared Key. This encryption might be the most secured and unbroken at this point, but WPA2 system is still pretty vulnerable to us, the hackers!
Unlike WEP, WPA2 uses a 4-way handshake as an authentication process.
Unlike WEP, WPA2 uses a 4-way handshake as an authentication process.
4-Way handshake
Openemu mac download. The four-way handshake is designed so that the access point (or authenticator) and wireless client (or supplicant) can independently prove to each other that they know the PSK/PMK (Pairwise Master Key), without ever disclosing the key. Instead of disclosing the key, the access point & client each encrypt messages to each other that can only be decrypted by using the PMK that they already share and if decryption of the messages was successful, this proves knowledge of the PMK.
Both WPA2-PSK and WPA2-EAP result in a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) known to both the supplicant (client) and the authenticator (AP). (In PSK the PMK is derived directly from the password, whereas in EAP it is a result of the authentication process).
The actual messages exchanged during the handshake are explained below (all messages are sent as EAPOL-Key frames):
- The AP sends a nonce-value to the STA (ANonce). The client now has all the attributes to construct the PTK.
- The STA sends its own nonce-value (SNonce) to the AP together with a Message Integrity Code(MIC), including authentication, which is really a Message Authentication and Integrity Code (MAIC).
- The AP constructs and sends the GTK and a sequence number together with another MIC. This sequence number will be used in the next multi cast or broadcast frame, so that the receiving STA can perform basic replay detection.
- The STA sends a confirmation to the AP.
The 4-way handshake is plain text, which allows us to capture the plain text information like
- Access Point MAC Address
- Client MAC Address
- ESSID AP Name
We can use these acquired information to perform the best attack we can to the captured 4-Way Handshake(PCAP File), The Dictionary attack!
We could also try a Bruteforce attack, but.. for example an 8 digit password containing upper and lowercase letters and a digit or two with a cracking power of 500.000 passwords per second would take you up to 15years to crack it, add a common punctuation, that's 58 years!
Now if you control a botnet of 100 computers or you have like the latest NVIDIA AMD Super Graphic Ultra 174Kill Machine you could crack this password in minutes.. If again you just own a laptop like me, then..
We could also try a Bruteforce attack, but.. for example an 8 digit password containing upper and lowercase letters and a digit or two with a cracking power of 500.000 passwords per second would take you up to 15years to crack it, add a common punctuation, that's 58 years!
Now if you control a botnet of 100 computers or you have like the latest NVIDIA AMD Super Graphic Ultra 174Kill Machine you could crack this password in minutes.. If again you just own a laptop like me, then..
DICTIONARY ATTACK!
It all started with Encryption! The art of scrambling, coding, hiding, enciphering or even concealing information (data) attempting to make them crack proof by others, and only the holder of the Decryption key could reverse the process.. Do you see the problem? The process can be reversed! And if it took a Genius to think of a good encryption function it only takes another genius to crack it!
Therefore the Geniuses had to come up with a new way of hiding data, and of course they did! They created one-way functions, these functions have the ability to produce an output where it is impossible from it to find the input.
Therefore the Geniuses had to come up with a new way of hiding data, and of course they did! They created one-way functions, these functions have the ability to produce an output where it is impossible from it to find the input.
Example: Think of the function F(x) = 2x+1 , if this function produces the output 5 then you know that F(x) = 5 andx = 2 right?
This is where Hashing comes to play! Hashing is the cryptographic function that produces a hash, a hash is data or a file of an arbitrary length converted to a fixed length of unique nature. Unlike encryption, it is practically impossible to invert or reverse a hash back to the key that was involved in the hashing process.
Example: WPA and WPA2 use the PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2.0). There are numerous cool deep explanations on the function's way of hash production.
The exact function used is the following:
The exact function used is the following:
To clarify, you can visit Understanding WPA and WPA2.
In short, if we Have an SSID of duthcode_AP and our password is duthcodeRulez then we would get the following key'
That was cool right? And that hash is irreversible, but since it is unique.. That makes it comparable, doesn't it?
In a dictionary attack :
In a dictionary attack :
- We create/use a wordlist (a .txt file with possible passwords)
- Take on word at a time from the wordlist
- Produce its hash using the above mentioned hash function
- Compare the produced hash with the existing hash
- If values match, since every produced hash is a unique value that means that we have found the correct password
3 | Cracking WPA2 with aircrack-ng
Now that we finally know all the excruciating theory about the networking part, and we have decided upon what attack we will do lets fire up Kali!
I want you to feel pumped up like this guy!
I want you to feel pumped up like this guy!
You are about to crack a password! That's real hacking. Beginner level, but real nonetheless.
STEP 1 | Open up aircrack-ng
We firstly need to find a target exactly the same way we did on the previous article Deauthentication attack using kali Linux.
Set up wireless card to monitor mode
Start sniffing the air until a target pops up
Our target is duthcode_AP since it's the closest one comparing all the APs and. you know.. it is not illegal to hack yourself. YET!
STEP 2 | Sniff the network of our target exclusively and collect data on a file
Now things start to get fresh! By running the following command
We not only monitor the duthcode_AP exclusively but we are also gathering all sorts of information and storing them to a file!
Let's run it!
OK Things go perfectly according to plan!
Careful! Do not stop monitoring! because we need to..
STEP 3 | Capture the 4-Way Handshake
In order to capture the handshake we have to be patient for a client to connect to the network we are monitoring, OR!!! We could force someone to lose connection by sending him Deauthentication packets!
Yeap! let's go for it!
Yeap! let's go for it!
Open up a new terminal without closing the previous one running the monitoring and run the command
With that command you take down the entire network! A bit of an overkill but works.
NOTE: The -0 0 option or else --deauth 0 option keeps on sending deauth packets until we manually stop it by pressing CTRL+C. If you feel sure about what you are doing you can easily target a specific device like we did on the previous article and sent him a specific number of deauth packets with --deauth 50 for example.
NOTE: The -0 0 option or else --deauth 0 option keeps on sending deauth packets until we manually stop it by pressing CTRL+C. If you feel sure about what you are doing you can easily target a specific device like we did on the previous article and sent him a specific number of deauth packets with --deauth 50 for example.
Now take a look at the other terminal window that you have opened! You should see a new message confirming that you have successfully captured the WPA handshake! ! !
You can now close everything! You own the handshake and you have it stored on the duthcode-01.cap file!
STEP 4 | It's all about the Dictionary!
No one ever said that hacking is easy! It needs a certain kinda crazy! The first step of hacking is Reconnaissance , which translates to know your target.
For this attack you have to realize that it all comes down to how good your dictionary is!
For this attack you have to realize that it all comes down to how good your dictionary is!
For this tutorial i have very carefully crafted a custom dictionary named duthcode.txt that fits my character because i am hacking myself ;)
As you have very well pointed out the password 'happens' to be inside the wordlist.
STEP 5 | Running the cracker
What we want to do is simple!
- grab the handshake file
- associate it with our custom dictionary
- check if the dictionary contains the password hidden in the handshake
The command that makes this happen is :
And the very Quick output is :
KEY FOUND! [ duthcodeRulez ]
We have successfully cracked a WPA2 AP password, and we did it by knowing how it works! That is the key point that differentiates a script kiddie from a struggling hacker!
There are a lot of cool scripts for creating Wordlists for Dictionairy attacks.
- Crunch (If you master this tool you are pretty set to go)
- CeWL (for website logins)
- Hatch (Website login bruteforce script)
A note for the ones who read the whole thing!
Since you have read the entire writeup i can easily assume you are like me! You like reading and constantly learning, expanding your knowledge further and further non-stop!
And if you found this topic interesting then you are a sucker for a good crypto story! I could not not recommend to you this Book! The Code Book - The secret history of codes and code breaking
And if you found this topic interesting then you are a sucker for a good crypto story! I could not not recommend to you this Book! The Code Book - The secret history of codes and code breaking
This book is one of my favorites! The cool stories of romance, war and treasure hunts! Unsolved mysteries and endless links to historical cipher nerds! I love it! I really believe you are going to enjoy reading it as much as i did!
That was it! Thank you for reading! Here are some other Articles you might like:
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Thanks again! Have a lovely day.. Or night!
In the previous two articles in this series I covered how to set up an external USB Wi-Fi adapter and put it in to monitor mode, and talked about how to capture a WPA2-PSK handshake for the purposes of taking it offline to crack. If you missed either of those articles, please go check them out.
Downloading and Compiling the cap2hccapx Utility
Somewhat recently, Hashcat was updated and now doesn’t get along with .cap files. Hashcat prefers those files be converted over to its own format, which ends in .hccapx. They have released an open source utility for this, but it’s not downloadable in a pre-compiled form. Not to worry. Compiling it in Kali Linux is a single command, and Kali already has a C compiler installed by default (gcc). Once the file is converted to .hccapx, you can use Hashcat on your Kali machine to crack the file, or if you have a Windows gaming rig with a GPU or two in it, fear not… Hashcat is available for Windows as well and you can just as easily crack it there.
The first thing you’ll want to do is get a copy of the cap2hccapx.c source code. The simplest way is to open a shell on Kali, change directories to your home directory (if you aren’t there already), and get the file via the wget command.
At the time of this writing, that’s where the file is located. I’ll host a copy of the file for archive purposes in case the above file disappears.
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Whichever way you’re able to grab it, you can compile the file with the following command.
That’s it. An executable file called cap2hccapx will be created. The easiest way I’ve found to use this is to move that file to the /bin directory. That way you can use the command no matter where you are in the Linx filesystem, since /bin is already in the system path. Doing that is simple enough with one command. You can also get rid of the source, since we won’t need it anymore.
Optionally, you can go online and use the online tool provided at https://hashcat.net/cap2hccapx/ to convert cap files to hccapx files, but for some reason I couldn’t get this to work. Plus, compiling your own binary and being able to do it all locally from the command line is so much more satisfying anyway.
You’ll only have to do this once, and once the cap2hccapx binary is in your /bin directory, you’ll be able to use it indefinitely. To check and make sure that it’s working properly, you can attempt to execute it from the command line while in any working directory by running “cap2hccapx.” You should get the following output.
Converting the .cap File to .hccapx
Converting the .cap file to .hccapx is a quick and dirty single-command affair. I’ll be using the filename from the previous example in my syntax here, so obviously you’ll want to change the syntax if your capture filename is different.
This command will produce a file called, in this instance, capturefile-01.hccapx. Great. That was easy, no?
Cracking Considerations
At the end of the last article I talked a little about the importance of using GPUs while attempting to brute force hashes. It blew my mind how much faster my GTX 1070 was able to complete a 10,000,000 word dictionary attack on a hash in 52 seconds, when the same operation on a 3.0 Ghz Core i5 took 8 hours and 14 minutes. The largest GPU you can get your hands on, the better.
At this point in the process, we need to make a decision as to what to do with our .hccapx file. Do we keep it here on our Kali machine / VM and attempt to crack it here? If you’re running Kali in a VM, I would strongly advise against this. Similarly, if you’re running on a smaller Kali box like a GPD Pocket or a Raspberry Pi, don’t even think about it. If the fastest CPU you have is on your dedicated Kali machine, then that’s the only option you may have, but if you have a machine with a dedicated GPU, that’d be best.
I understand that many people don’t run Kali on their “main rig,” in fact, Kali tells you not to, since Kali is designed to be used by the root user almost exclusively. A common scenario is that one typically has a machine dedicated to Kali, and another machine (which is usually less portable, and thusly would contain a GPU) that either runs Windows (gaming) or another distribution of Linux. Because of this, I’ll provide syntax for cracking via Hashcat on both Windows and Linux. Don’t worry though – they’re very similar, so if you learn one, you’ll basically know the other.
Cracking with Hashcat – Phone Numbers
Hashcat is a great utility that’s very easy to use and gives you a ton of options. There’s so much syntax that can be used with Hashcat that it’s impossible to go over all of it here. As a result, I’ll simply go over the techniques that I use the most. Since this series of articles has been about cracking WPA2 pre-shared keys, I’ll keep the focus narrowed to cracking just those in order to keep the article concise.
When cracking a WPA2 pre-shared key, the first thing that I like to start with is running through 10-digit phone numbers. I’ve seen studies that show as many as 60% of WPA2 pre-shared keys in the US are 10-digit phone numbers (area code and then the 7-digit number). People do this because it’s easy for them to remember, and long enough to satisfy the 8-character minimum required for WPA2 pre-shared keys.
Running through absolutely every 10-digit number combination would require you to try 10,000,000,000 possible combinations. That would take quite a long time. Think about it though – if the AP is local, there might only be 3 or 4 area codes around. It’d be a much more efficient use of time to crack using the known area codes. If we did that, and say used 555 as our area code, the number of combinations would be reduced from 10,000,000,000 to 1,000,000. From my experience, a GeForce GTX 1070 can do that in under a minute. Not bad for every possible phone number combination in an area code.
The syntax would be as follows. Note that this is the Windows command. The Linux command would be identical, simply remove the “64” after the word hashcat.
This may look confusing at first, but let’s break it down by argument.
-m 2500 tells hashcat that we are trying to attack a WPA2 pre-shared key as the hash type. Hashcat has a bunch of pre-defined hash types that are all designated a number. You can use the –help switch to get a list of these different types, but for now we’re doing WPA2 so we’ll use 2500.
-a 3 sets the attack mode and tells hashcat that we are brute forcing our attempts. A list of the other attack modes can be found using the –help switch.
-l ?d specifies that we are going to use a custom character set for our brute force attempt. Our custom character set is defined by what’s after the ?. In this case we’re using ?d, which means “use only digits” (0-9). Other options here would be ?l for letters (uppercase and lowercase) and ?s for special characters. The -1 indicates that this it the first custom character set that we are defining in this command. More can be created with -2, -3, etc.
-o cracked is used to specify an output file called simply “cracked” that will contain the WPA2 pre-shared key in plain text once the crack happens successfully.
capturefile-01.hccapx is the name of our capture file containing the handshake. Note that if you try to use a .cap file here, it won’t work, which is why we converted it earlier.
555?1?1?1?1?1?1?1 is where the magic happens. This is our mask, which tells hashcat what we want to do with our custom-defined character set. Notice that in our mask we specify the first 3 digits of our phone number (555). The next 7 digits reference our custom character set as defined above with the -1 switch. Remember that we defined our custom set with digits only (0-9), so this command is telling hashcat that we want to use a 0-9 digit for every ?1 in the mask. This effectively tells hashcat that we want to brute force 555xxxxxxx where x is a digit 0-9. Make sense?
Using the above template you should be able to replace “555” with local area codes, and given a fast GPU, run through all possible combination in a number of minutes.
Cracking with Hashcat – Dictionary / Wordlists
If the phone number approach doesn’t work, and a lot of times it won’t, your next best bet is a dictionary attack. You can find several dictionaries, also sometimes called wordlists or password lists, online. Kali comes with quite a few good ones, which are located in /usr/share/wordlists. The best, and largest of this, is called rockyou.txt and is fairly large. That particular wordlist comes zipped on a standard install, so you’ll have to unzip it with the gunzip command.
If you want additional wordlists, finding them online is very easy. A quick Google search of “wpa2 ask wordlists” returns 53,000 results, and even on the first page of results I’m seeing wordlists up to 13GB in size that are compiled from years of previous experience gleaned from leaks and dumps of known passwords.
Once you’ve picked out a wordlist that you’d like to use, running all of the passwords in that wordlist against our hccapx file is a single command.
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Again, this is the Windows syntax, so for Linux just remove the “64”. This syntax assumes that your wordlist is called wordlist.lst, that your capture file is called capturefile-01.hccapx, and that both of those files are in your current working directory.
Another syntax example for this command would be as follows if we were in Linux and using the rockyou.txt wordlist.
Gathering wordlists and seeing which ones produce great results is more a matter of luck than anything. Hunting and gathering will eventually provide you with a collection of wordlists, and you’ll eventually have quite a collection of wordlists.
Cracking with Hashcat – Dictionary / Wordlist Modifications via Rules
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Because this article is getting long, I’ll keep this section somewhat short. Hashcat has a built-in function for writing custom scripts for modifying each line in a wordlist automatically. For example, say you have a wordlist with only the word “password” in it. Running a rule against this file might make hashcat first try “password,” then try “password1,” then “password123,” etc. The variations are dependent on the rules written in the rules file.
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Luckily, you don’t have to be a master at writing rules files in order to utilize them. Like wordlists, Kali comes with a bunch of rules that are built in. The most famous one of these has 64 different modifier variations built in and is called base64.rule. The Windows syntax for this rule is as follows.
Again, mind the syntax. This assumes that the base64.rule file is in a subdirectory called rules, and the capturefile-01.hccapx file and rockyou.txt file are in the working directory. Relative and absolute paths can be used in either Linux or Windows for any of these parameters. Also keep in mind that if you are applying 64 variations to each password in the list, that running this command with the rule applied that applies base64.rule is going to take 64 times longer than just running the wordlist alone.
Conclusion
As you can see, hashcat is a very powerful tool. Cracking password is sometimes more luck than skill, depending on what you already know about the password, or if you have to rely on a wordlist.
Remember old-school techniques as well. Shoulder surfing can be your friend here. If you see someone enter a password and only grab the first 3 or 4 characters, those are characters that can be eliminated and you can use a directed attack with custom character sets applied much like we did with the phone number example above.
If you enjoyed this tutorial and would like to see more, please feel free to share this article on social media, comment below letting me know what else you’d like to see, and follow me on Twitter @JROlmstead.
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